# Sources and Further Reading

*The Old West, An Exodus NDS Era Book, Wyoming and Colorado, 1869 to 1876. Source: https://oldwest.exodusnds.com/sources-and-further-reading*

This book is built from the documents of the period and from the work of historians who read them. This chapter names the main ones, so that a reader can check a date, a treaty article or a price and go further.

## How Dates Are Handled

The play range is 1869 to 1876. The city maps show Cheyenne and Denver as they stood on 1 September 1874. Events before 1869 are background, and events after 1876 are labeled as aftermath. Where sources give different dates for the same event, the book uses the date from the document that made it: a treaty for its signing, a statute for its passage, a timetable for a fare, a census table for a count, a court record for a verdict. Where a Tribal Nation records its own history, that account is read alongside the federal one, and the book names the nation by the name it uses.

Prices, wages and fares come from period newspapers, timetables, tourist guides and government reports. Weapons and gear statistics are game rules, not history, and come from the Exodus NDS sourcebooks listed in the Gear and Prices chapter.

## Treaties, Statutes and Court Cases

- Treaty with the Sioux (Fort Laramie), 1868, 15 Stat. 635, and the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851.
- Treaty with the Northern Cheyenne and Northern Arapaho, 10 May 1868, 15 Stat. 655.
- Treaty with the Eastern Shoshoni and Bannock (Fort Bridger), 3 July 1868.
- Treaty with the Ute, 2 March 1868, 15 Stat. 619, and the Brunot Agreement, Act of 29 April 1874, 18 Stat. 36 to 41.
- Indian Appropriations Act, 3 March 1871.
- Colorado Organic Act, 28 February 1861, 12 Stat. 172.
- Wyoming Organic Act, 25 July 1868, 15 Stat. 178.
- Proclamation 230, Admission of Colorado, 1 August 1876.
- Coinage Act of 1873 and the Resumption Act of 1875.
- Hepburn v. Griswold (1870), Knox v. Lee and Parker v. Davis (the Legal Tender Cases, 79 U.S. 457, 1871), and Snow v. United States, 85 U.S. 317 (1873).
- Revised Statutes of the United States, 1874, for the federal criminal offenses used in Law in Play.
- Cheyenne city ordinances, including the weapons ordinance of 30 September 1867, as transcribed in the Wyoming Almanac.

## Period Books and Records

- John R. Crofutt, *Crofutt's Trans-Continental Tourist's Guide* (1872 edition). The source for distances, timetables, fares and hotel and meal prices along the Union Pacific and Denver Pacific lines.
- Isabella L. Bird, *A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains* (1879), letters from Colorado in 1873.
- Ninth Census of the United States, 1870, and the territorial and state returns for Wyoming and Colorado.
- Annual reports of the Secretary of War, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs and the Postmaster General, 1869 to 1876. The 4 December 1871 report gives the cut in army pay to thirteen dollars a month.
- The *Cheyenne Leader*, the *Rocky Mountain News* and the *Colorado Tribune*, quoted where a passage in this book is a newspaper's own words.

## Tribal Nation Accounts

Each Tribal Nation tells its own history, and the Tribal Nations chapter follows these accounts alongside the treaties.

- Eastern Shoshone Tribe, Wind River history and the text of the Fort Bridger Treaty (easternshoshone.org).
- Southern Ute Indian Tribe, History (southernute-nsn.gov).
- Pawnee Nation, Pawnee History (pawneenation.org).
- University of Colorado, Arapaho Project, History of the Northern Arapaho Tribe.
- National Museum of the American Indian, Northern Cheyenne homelands (Native Knowledge 360).

## Histories and Reference Works

**Wyoming.**
- WyoHistory.org, the Wyoming State Historical Society's encyclopedia: Cheyenne, Magic City of the Plains; Laramie County; the Wyoming cattle boom, 1868 to 1886; Fort Fetterman; the Rock Springs Massacre; John R. Helton, *Then I Breathed Freely: Black Women Vote in Wyoming, 1870*; Michael Massie, *Right Choice, Wrong Reasons: Wyoming Women Win the Right to Vote*; and the articles on Wyoming's women jurors and its women's firsts.
- Phil Roberts, entries in the Wyoming Almanac, including the first Wyoming newspaper (Fort Bridger, 1863) and the Cheyenne weapon ordinance.
- Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office, National Register nomination for Fort Washakie.
- Wyoming Stock Growers Association, institutional history.
- Library of Congress and University of Illinois newspaper catalogs for the *Cheyenne Leader*.

**Colorado.**
- Denver Public Library, Western History and Genealogy: *Chinese in Colorado*, and the Colorado biographies (Chin Lin Sou and others).
- Colorado Asian Pacific United, *Denver's Historic Chinatown*.
- Colorado Encyclopedia and the National Park Service documentation for the Denver Pacific depot and Denver's early railroads.
- Institutional histories of Temple Emanuel, St. John's Cathedral, the Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Saint Joseph Hospital and the Colorado School of Mines, for the dates of Denver's congregations, hospitals and schools.

**Army, forts and agencies.**
- History Nebraska, Fort Robinson timeline, and the history of Camp Sheridan.
- National Park Service: Fort Laramie and the army laundresses; the army laundress at Fort Larned; President Grant and federal Indian policy; the Jewel Cave historic resource study, which quotes the Black Hills expedition records.
- Stach, postal-history research on the Cheyenne to Black Hills stage (3, 7 and 10 February 1876 trips), presented in 2018.

**Rail, the post and money.**
- United States Postal Service, *The United States Postal Service: An American History*, and the postal rate history from 1873.
- Albany County Historical Society and WyoHistory.org on the Union Pacific's arrival at Laramie, 4 May 1868.

## Recommended Reading

- For the treaties and the war: the full treaty texts on the National Archives and Oklahoma State University treaty sites, read with the Tribal Nation accounts above.
- For daily life in a rail town: Crofutt's guide and the *Cheyenne Leader* on microfilm or in the Library of Congress's digitized newspapers.
- For women in the territory: the WyoHistory.org articles by Helton and Massie.
- For Chinese settlers in the corridor: the Denver Public Library's Colorado biographies and the WyoHistory.org account of the Rock Springs Massacre.
- For travel and the mountains as a visitor saw them: Isabella Bird's letters.